4-14
When 22 MHz fundamental mode AT-cut resonators were reprocessed so as to vary the bonding orientations, the frequency vs. temperature characteristics of the resonators changed as if the angles of cut had been changed.  The resonator blanks were 6.4 mm in diameter plano-plano, and were bonded to low-stress mounting clips by nickel electrobonding.
Bonding orientation, Y
Text Box: Apparent angle shift (minutes)
Apparent angle shift (minutes)
 
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Z’
X’
6’
5’
4’
3’
2’
1’
0’
-1’
-2’
300
600
900
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Y
Bonding Strains Induced Frequency Changes
   The mounting and bonding stresses can affect the f vs. T of resonators.  The experimental results shown above demonstrate that the same quartz plate can exhibit a range of f vs. T characteristics depending on the orientation of the bonding stresses.  (Thicker plates and more compliant bonding agents produce smaller apparent angle shifts.)


R. L. Filler, and J. R. Vig, "The Effect of Bonding on the Frequency vs. Temperature Characteristics of AT-cut Resonators,"  Proc. 30th Annual Symposium on Frequency Control, pp. 264-268, 1976, AD-046089.