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After the electrode deposition starts, the
atoms on the quartz surface form islands through which no current flows. As the deposition continues, the islands
grow. Eventually, the islands touch, form larger islands, then further
coalesce to form a continuous film. At
this point, Rs is large due to the high resistivities of the
ultrathin films. As the film thickness
(the “plateback”) increases, the film resistivity decreases. Eventually, the Q of the resonator rather
than the film resistance determines Rs. As the film becomes thick,
losses in the film decrease the Q and increase the Rs.
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The “Quartz
Resonator Handbook…” referenced below suggests minimum and maximum platebacks
for fundamental mode, 3rd overtone and 5th overtone
resonators, and for Al, Ag and Au electrodes (p. 115, Table 5).
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The figure above is
adapted from the “Quartz Resonator Handbook, Manufacturing Guide for AT
Type Units,” R.E. Bennett, Union Thermoelectric Division, p, 113, Figure
51, 1960. A copy of this publication can be found at
http://www.ieee-uffc.org/archive (available to IEEE UFFC Society members).
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C. A. Neugebauer,
“Condensation, Nucleation, and Growth of Thin Films,“ in Handbook of Thin
Film Technology, L. I. Maissel & R. Glang editors, Chapt. 8, McGraw
Hill Book Co., 1970.
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